What condition involves hyperproliferative changes in the esophagus, increasing cancer risk?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition characterized by the chronic backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, leading to various symptomatic and pathological changes. One of the significant consequences of long-term GERD is the development of Barrett's esophagus, a hyperproliferative condition where the normal squamous epithelial cells of the esophagus are replaced by columnar cells due to chronic irritation from acidic gastric contents. This cellular change, known as intestinal metaplasia, increases the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer.

In contrast, while esophageal reflux may be symptomatic of GERD, it does not inherently include the pathological changes associated with Barrett's esophagus. Esophagitis refers to inflammation of the esophagus, which can occur due to various irritants, including acid reflux, but it does not specifically involve hyperproliferative changes. Dysphagia, which is a difficulty in swallowing, can be related to various esophageal conditions but also does not directly address the changes in tissue that contribute to heightened cancer risk. Hence, GERD is the definitive condition that encompasses the changes that lead to an increased risk of esophageal cancer.