Vitamin B12 deficiency may lead to which of the following health issues?

Vitamin B12 deficiency is particularly known for its impact on the production of red blood cells in the body, which can lead to anemia, specifically megaloblastic anemia. This type of anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces large, improperly developed red blood cells that cannot function adequately in transporting oxygen.

Alongside anemia, Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in maintaining the health of nerve cells and the production of DNA. A deficiency can also contribute to neurological issues, but osteoporosis is not a direct result of B12 deficiency; rather, it is linked to other factors such as calcium and vitamin D levels. However, the inclusion of anemia in the choices makes them the most relevant health issue associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency.

The other choices relate to health issues that are not directly linked with Vitamin B12 deficiency. For example, diabetes and hypertension involve metabolic and environmental factors beyond vitamin intake, while cardiovascular disease and obesity are associated with lifestyle and dietary patterns, and arthritis and cancer are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Thus, the selection of osteoporosis and anemia aligns best with the known consequences of Vitamin B12 deficiency.